Partijen en gegevens

The Government of the Cook Islands declares its understanding that acceptance of the Paris Agreement and its application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.

The Government of the Cook Islands further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.

Declaration by the Union made in accordance with Article 20(3) of the Paris Agreement.

The following States are at present Members of the European Union: the Kingdom of Belgium, the Republic of Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, the Kingdom of Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, the Republic of Estonia, Ireland, the Hellenic Republic, the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic, the Republic of Croatia, the Italian Republic, the Republic of Cyprus, the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Lithuania, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Hungary, the Republic of Malta, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Republic of Austria, the Republic of Poland, the Portuguese Republic, Romania, the Republic of Slovenia, the Slovak Republic, the Republic of Finland, the Kingdom of Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

The European Union declares that, in accordance with the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, and in particular Article 191 and Article 192(1) thereof, it is competent to enter into international agreements, and to implement the obligations resulting therefrom, which contribute to the pursuit of the following objectives:

environmental problems, and in particular combating climate change.

[…]

The European Union will continue to provide information, on a regular basis on any substantial modifications in the extent of its competence, in accordance with Article 20(3) of the Agreement.

The Government of India declares its understanding that, as per its national laws; keeping in view its development agenda, particularly the eradication of poverty and provision of basic needs for all its citizens, coupled with its commitment to following the low carbon path to progress, and on the assumption of unencumbered availability of cleaner sources of energy and technologies and financial resources from around the world; and based on a fair and ambitious assessment of global commitment to combating climate change, it is ratifying the Paris Agreement.

[...] the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic's instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record;

Furthermore, the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests [...].

[…] in accordance with their national legal framework, and in consideration of the best and most up-to-date scientific information available and incorporated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Mexican States understands greenhouse gas emissions to mean the release into the atmosphere of greenhouse gases and/or their precursors and aerosols into the atmosphere, including, where applicable, greenhouse compounds, within a specific area and during a specific period of time.

The Government of the Federated States of Micronesia declares its understanding that its ratification of the Paris Agreement does not constitute a renunciation of any rights of the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change, and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation and liability due to the adverse effects of climate change; and The Government of the Federated States of Micronesia further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessments on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in the Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature increase above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels, and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for the national interests of the Government of the Federated States of Micronesia.

[...] the Government, of Nauru declares its understanding that the ratification of the Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility [for] the adverse effects of climate change.

Further, the Government of Nauru declares that no provisions in the Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from the principles of general international law.

And further, the Government of Nauru declares its understanding that Article 8 and decision 1/CP.21, paragraph 51 in no way limits the ability of Parties to UNFCCC or the Agreement to raise, discuss, or address any present or future concerns regarding the issues of liability and compensation.

The Republic of Nauru put forth its concern intended to recognize and acknowledge its national interest [...].

The Government of the Republic of Poland recognizes that under Article 9 paragraph 1 of the Paris Agreement developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention. In this context the Government of the Republic of Poland notes that Poland is a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change not included in Annex II.

… the Government of Solomon Islands declares its understanding that acceptance of the aforesaid Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change;

FURTHER, that the Government of Solomon Islands declares that no provision in this Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to impacts of climate change;

AND that the Government of Solomon Islands declares that the low ambition of the Paris Agreement and its adequacy to stabilize global temperature to safe level of below 1.5 degree Celsius, such emissions will have severe impacts and undermining our sustainable development efforts…

The Government of Tuvalu hereby notifies that it will apply the Paris Agreement provisionally as provided for in paragraph 4 of Decision 1/CP.21.

[…]

The Government of Tuvalu further declares its understanding that acceptance of the aforesaid Paris Agreement and its provisional application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.

The Government of Tuvalu further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.

Whereas the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares its understanding that ratification of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under any other laws, including international law, and the communication depositing the Republic’s instrument of ratification shall include a declaration to this effect for international record;

Furthermore, that the Government of the Republic of Vanuatu declares that, in light of best scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emission reduction obligations in Article 3 of the Kyoto Protocol, the Doha Amendment and the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent global temperature increase of 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre- Industrial levels and as a consequence, will have severe implications for our national interests...

Territorial exclusion in respect of Greenland

Withdrawal of declaration relating to the territorial exclusion in respect of Greenland.

The Government of Niue declares its understanding that acceptance of the Paris Agreement and its application shall in no way constitute a renunciation of any rights under international law concerning State responsibility for the adverse effects of climate change and that no provision in the Paris Agreement can be interpreted as derogating from principles of general international law or any claims or rights concerning compensation due to the impacts of climate change.

The Government of Niue further declares that, in light of the best available scientific information and assessment on climate change and its impacts, it considers the emissions reduction obligations in the aforesaid Paris Agreement to be inadequate to prevent a global temperature stabilisation level at or above 1.5 degrees Celsius relative to pre-industrial levels and as a consequence, such emissions will have severe implications for our national interests.

The Republic of Bulgaria recognizes that in accordance with Article 9, paragraph 1, of the Paris Agreement developed country Parties shall provide financial resources to assist developing country Parties with respect to both mitigation and adaptation in continuation of their existing obligations under the Convention. In this context the Republic of Bulgaria notes that as a Party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Bulgaria is not included in Annex II.

The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations and has the honour to refer to the Paris Agreement and the Secretary-General’s communication of April 22, 2016 C.N.176.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, relating to that treaty. The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations notes that this communication was made pursuant to the Secretary-General’s capacity as Depositary for the Paris Agreement. The Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations notes the technical and administrative role of the Depositary, and that it is for States Parties to a treaty, not the Depositary, to make their own determination with respect to any legal issues raised by instruments circulated by a depositary.

In that context, the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations notes, in line with its communication of January 19, 2016 C.N.11.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7 relating to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, that the ‘State of Palestine’ does not meet the criteria of a state under international law and is not recognized by Canada as a state. Therefore, in order to avoid confusion, the Permanent Mission of Canada to the United Nations wishes to note its position that in the context of the purported Palestinian ratification of the Paris Agreement, the ‘State of Palestine’ is not able to ratify this Agreement, and that the Paris Agreement does not enter into force, or have an effect on Canada’s treaty relations, with respect to the ‘State of Palestine’.

The Permanent Mission of Israel to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as depositary of the Paris Agreement, signed 22 April 2016 (hereinafter “the Agreement”), and refers to the communication by the depositary, dated 22 April 2016, regarding the Palestinian request to accede to this Agreement (Reference number C.N.176.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d (Depositary Notification)).

‘Palestine’ does not satisfy the criteria for statehood under international law and lacks the legal capacity to join the aforesaid Agreement under general international law, as well as under the terms of the Agreement and of bilateral Israeli-Palestinian agreements.

The Government of Israel does not recognize ‘Palestine’ as a State, and wishes to place on record, for the sake of clarity, its position that it does not consider ‘Palestine’ a party to the Agreement and regards the Palestinian request for accession as being without any legal validity or effect.

The United States Mission to the United Nations presents its compliments to the United Nations and refers to the U.N. Secretary-General’s depositary notifications C.N.174.2016.TREATIESXXVII. 7.d and C.N.176.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, both dated April 22, 2016, regarding the purported signature and ratification, respectively, by the ‘State of Palestine’ of the Paris Agreement, done at Paris December 12, 2015, for which the Secretary-General of the United Nations is the depositary.

The Government of the United States of America does not believe the ‘State of Palestine’ qualifies as a sovereign State and does not recognize it as such. Signature and ratification of the Paris Agreement is limited to sovereign States and regional economic integration organizations that are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The Government of the United States of America recalls that the Secretary-General in his depositary capacity issued, on December 23, 2015, a notification concerning accession by the ‘State of Palestine’ to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, in response to which the United States Mission to the United Nations, on January 19, 2016, communicated that the Government of the United States of America believes that the ‘State of Palestine’ is not qualified to accede to the Convention.

Therefore, the Government of the United States of America believes that the ‘State of Palestine’ is not qualified to sign or ratify the Paris Agreement and affirms that it will not consider itself to be in a treaty relationship with the ‘State of Palestine’ under the Paris Agreement.

This is to inform the Secretary-General, in connection with the Paris Agreement, adopted at Paris on December 12, 2015 (‘the Agreement'), that the United States intends to exercise its right to withdraw from the Agreement. Unless the United States identifies suitable terms for reengagement, the United States will submit to the Secretary-General, in accordance with Article 28, paragraph 1 of the Agreement, formal written notification of its withdrawal as soon as it is eligible to do so. Pending the submission of that notification, in the interest of transparency for parties to the Agreement, the United States requests that the Secretary-General inform the parties to the Agreement and the States entitled to become parties to the Agreement of this communication relating to the Agreement.

In the case where this Agreement is ratified by the United Kingdom and its application extended to the territory of Gibraltar, Spain wishes to make the following declaration:

The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.913.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, dated 14 December 201[6], conveying a communication of Israel regarding the ratification of the State of Palestine [of] the Paris Agreement, dated 12 December 2015.

The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of Israel and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine ‘non-member observer State status in the United Nations’. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community.

The State of Palestine signed and ratified the Paris Agreement at the opening ceremony at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 April 2016. The State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties.

The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.914.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, dated 15 December 201[6], conveying a communication of Canada regarding the ratification of the State of Palestine [of] the Paris Agreement, dated 12 December 2015.

The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of Canada and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine ‘non-member observer State status in the United Nations’. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community.

The State of Palestine signed and ratified the Paris Agreement at the opening ceremony at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 April 2016. The State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties.

The Permanent Observer of the State of Palestine to the United Nations presents his compliments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, in his capacity as Depositary, and has the honor to refer to depositary notification C.N.915.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, dated 15 December 201[6], conveying a communication of the United States of America regarding the ratification of the State of Palestine [of] the Paris Agreement, dated 12 December 2015.

The Government of the State of Palestine regrets the position of the United States of America and wishes to recall United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19 of 29 November 2012 according Palestine ‘non-member observer State status in the United Nations’. In this regard, Palestine is a State recognized by the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the international community.

The State of Palestine signed and ratified the Paris Agreement at the opening ceremony at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 22 April 2016. The State of Palestine will exercise its rights and honor its obligations with respect to all States Parties. The State of Palestine trusts that its rights and obligations will be equally respected by its fellow States Parties.

THAT it is the understanding of the Government of the Republic of the Philippines that its accession to and the implementation of the Paris Agreement shall in no way constitute a renunciation of rights under any local and international laws or treaties, including those concerning State responsibility for loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change;

THAT, the accession to and implementation of the Paris Agreement by the Republic of the Philippines is for the purpose of supporting the country's national development objectives and priorities such as sustainable industrial development, the eradication of poverty and provision of basic needs, and securing social and climate justice and energy security for all its citizens.

This signature engages also the Walloon Region, the Flemish Region and the Brussels-Capital Region.

The Kingdom of the Netherlands, for the European part of the Netherlands, declares in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 2, of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in conjunction with Article 24 of the Paris Agreement, that it accepts both means of dispute settlement referred to in that paragraph as compulsory in relation to any Party accepting one or both means of dispute settlement.

The Republic of Turkey, on the basis of “equity, common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities” as clearly and accurately recognized under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 and the Paris Agreement, and by recalling decisions 26/CP.7, 1/CP.16, 2/CP.17, 1/CP.18 and 21/CP.20 adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, declares that Turkey will implement the Paris Agreement as a developing country and in the scope of her nationally determined contribution statements, provided that the Agreement and its mechanisms do not prejudice her right to economic and social development.

The Government of the Hellenic Republic has examined the declaration made by the Republic of Türkiye upon ratification, on 11 October 2021, of the Paris Agreement of 12 December 2015.

The Republic of Türkiye thereby declares that she ‘will implement the Paris Agreement as a developing country and in the scope of her nationally determined contribution statements, provided that the Agreement and its mechanisms do not prejudice her right to economic and social development’.

In the view of the Government of the Hellenic Republic, this declaration in fact amounts to a reservation, as it purports to unilaterally modify the legal status of the Republic of Türkiye within the legal framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change of 9 May 1992 (hereinafter ‘the Convention’) and the Paris Agreement, by seeking to arbitrarily remove Türkiye from the list of Annex I Parties to the Convention and qualify her as a developing country, in the absence of a relevant decision of the Conference of the Parties, which is under the Convention responsible for the adoption of annexes and amendments thereto.

The Government of the Hellenic Republic would like to recall that, according to article 27 of the Paris Agreement, no reservations may be made to this Agreement.

In light of the above, the Government of the Hellenic Republic considers that the aforementioned reservation of the Republic of Türkiye is impermissible as prohibited by article 27 of the Agreement.

For the above reasons, the Government of the Hellenic Republic objects to the declaration made by the Republic of Türkiye upon ratification of the Paris Agreement. This objection shall not preclude the entry into force of the Agreement between the Hellenic Republic and the Republic of Türkiye without the latter benefiting the reservation.

The Government of the Republic of Türkiye examined the objection of the Hellenic Republic to the declaration made by the Republic of Türkiye upon ratification of the Paris Agreement on 11 October 2021 and thereby declares the following:

The declaration made by Türkiye upon ratification of the Paris Agreement intends to declare that Türkiye will implement the said Agreement as a developing country and in the scope of its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).

The purpose of the declaration is not making a reservation to the Paris Agreement. Moreover, no reservations may be made to the Paris Agreement pursuant to its Article 27.

In accordance with the international law, it is considered that, whilst making a reservation to all provisions or any provision of an international legal instrument is prohibited, any unilateral declaration formulated by a Party to that instrument does not constitute a reservation.

Given that Türkiye’s statement is an interpretative statement on the implementation of the Paris Agreement, Türkiye has no intention of excluding or amending as a whole any provision or legal obligation of the Paris Agreement.

Furthermore, the special circumstances of Türkiye are recognized by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by decision 1/CP.16, which also places Türkiye in a different situation than the other Parties included in Annex I to the UNFCCC. Decisions 2/CP.17, 1/CP.18 and 21/CP.20 adopted subsequently by the Conference of the Parties make a reference to this particular decision.

On the other hand, the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement does not provide a definition for ‘developing’ or ‘developed’ country Party, nor do they include any criteria for being listed in Annex I.

Furthermore, there is no explicit formal definition or classification for ‘developing’ or ‘developed’ country.

In this regard, the declaration is a unilateral statement presenting how the Paris Agreement, which is built around self-differentiation of the country Parties, shall be implemented by Türkiye, rather than making a reservation with an objective of changing Türkiye’s legal status under the UNFCCC and the Paris Agreement.

By acceding to the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State, the Holy See intends to contribute to the efforts of all States to work together in solidarity, in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, in an effective response to the challenges posed by climate change to humankind and to our common home.

In light of the territorial nature of the obligations set forth in the Paris Agreement, the Holy See declares, for the avoidance of doubt, that in acceding to the Agreement only in the name and on behalf of Vatican City State it commits itself to apply its provisions exclusively within the Territory of the Vatican City State, as circumscribed by the Leonine Walls.

The Holy See, in conformity with its particular mission, reiterates, on behalf of Vatican City State, its position regarding the term ‘gender’ used in the Preamble (PP11) and articles 7.5 and 11.2 of the Paris Agreement. The Holy See underlines that any reference to ‘gender’ and related terms in any document that has been or that will be adopted by the Conference of State Parties or by its subsidiary bodies is to be understood as grounded on the biological sexual identity that is male and female.

The Holy See upholds and promotes a holistic and integrated approach that is firmly centered on the human dignity and integral development of every person.