European Court of Human Rights, Rules of Court, Registry of the Court, Strasbourg:bijlage

European Court of Human Rights, Rules of Court, Registry of the Court, Strasbourg

Practice Directions

Geldend

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Requests for interim measures1.

(Rule 39 of the Rules of Court)

By virtue of Rule 39 of the Rules of Court, the Court may issue interim measures which are binding on the State concerned. Interim measures are only applied in exceptional cases.

The Court will only issue an interim measure against a Member State where, having reviewed all the relevant information, it considers that the applicant faces a real risk of serious, irreversible harm if the measure is not applied.

Applicants or their legal representatives2. who make a request for an interim measure pursuant to Rule 39 of the Rules of Court should comply with the requirements set out below.

I. Accompanying information

Any request lodged with the Court must state reasons. The applicant must in particular specify in detail the grounds on which his or her particular fears are based, the nature of the alleged risks and the Convention provisions alleged to have been violated.

A mere reference to submissions in other documents or domestic proceedings is not sufficient. It is essential that requests be accompanied by all necessary supporting documents, in particular relevant domestic court, tribunal or other decisions, together with any other material which is considered to substantiate the applicant's allegations.

The Court will not necessarily contact applicants whose request for interim measures is incomplete, and requests which do not include the information necessary to make a decision will not normally be submitted for a decision.

Where the case is already pending before the Court, reference should be made to the application number allocated to it.

In cases concerning extradition or deportation, details should be provided of the expected date and time of the removal, the applicant's address or place of detention and his or her official case-reference number. The Court must be notified of any change to those details (date and time of removal, address etc.) as soon as possible.

The Court may decide to take a decision on the admissibility of the case at the same time as considering the request for interim measures.

II. Requests to be made by facsimile or letter3.

Requests for interim measures under Rule 39 should be sent by facsimile or by post. The Court will not deal with requests sent by e-mail. The request should, where possible, be in one of the official languages of the Contracting Parties. All requests should be marked as follows in bold on the face of the request:

‘Rule 39 — Urgent

Person to contact (name and contact details): …

[In deportation or extradition cases]

Date and time of removal and destination:…’

III. Making requests in good time

Requests for interim measures should normally be received as soon as possible after the final domestic decision has been taken, in order to enable the Court and its Registry to have sufficient time to examine the matter. The Court may not be able to deal with requests in removal cases received less than a working day before the planned time of removal4..

Where the final domestic decision is imminent and there is a risk of immediate enforcement, especially in extradition or deportation cases, applicants and their representatives should submit the request for interim measures without waiting for that decision, indicating clearly the date on which it will be taken and that the request is subject to the final domestic decision being negative.

IV. Domestic measures with suspensive effect

The Court is not an appeal tribunal from domestic tribunals, and applicants in extradition and expulsion cases should pursue domestic avenues which are capable of suspending removal before applying to the Court for interim measures. Where it remains open to an applicant to pursue domestic remedies which have suspensive effect, the Court will not apply Rule 39 to prevent removal.

V. Follow-up

Applicants who apply for an interim measure under Rule 39 should ensure that they reply to correspondence from the Court's Registry. In particular, where a measure has been refused, they should inform the Court whether they wish to pursue the application. Where a measure has been applied, they must keep the Court regularly and promptly informed about the state of any continuing domestic proceedings. Failure to do so may lead to the case being struck out of the Court's list of cases.

Institution of proceedings5.

(Individual applications under Article 34 of the Convention)

I. General

1

An application under Article 34 of the Convention must be submitted in writing. No application may be made by telephone. Except as provided otherwise by Rule 47 of the Rules of Court, only a completed application form will interrupt the running of the six-month time-limit set out in Article 35 § 1 of the Convention. An application form is available online from the Court's website6.. Applicants are strongly encouraged to download and print the application form instead of contacting the Court for a paper copy to be sent by post. By doing this, applicants will save time and will be in a better position to ensure that their completed application form is submitted within the six-month time-limit. Help with the completion of the various fields is available online.

2

An application must be sent to the following address:

The Registrar

European Court of Human Rights

Council of Europe

F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex

3

Applications sent by fax will not interrupt the running of the six-month time-limit set out in Article 35 § 1 of the Convention. Applicants must also dispatch the signed original by post within the same six-month time-limit.

4

An applicant should be diligent in corresponding with the Court's Registry. A delay in replying or failure to reply may be regarded as a sign that the applicant is no longer interested in pursuing his or her application.

II. Form and contents

5

The submissions in the application form concerning the facts, complaints and compliance with the requirements of exhaustion of domestic remedies and the time-limit set out in Article 35 § 1 of the Convention must respect the conditions set out in Rule 47 of the Rules of Court. Any additional submissions must not exceed 20 pages (see Rule 47 § 2) and should:

a)

be in an A4 page format with a margin of not less than 3.5 cm;

b)

be wholly legible and, if typed, the text should be at least 12 pt in the body of the document and 10 pt in the footnotes, with one and a half line spacing;

c)

have all numbers expressed as figures;

d)

have pages numbered consecutively;

e)

be divided into numbered paragraphs;

f)

be divided into headings corresponding to ‘Facts’, ‘Complaints or statements of violations’, ‘Information about the exhaustion of domestic remedies and compliance with the time-limit set out in Article 35 § 1’.

6

All fields in the application form must be filled in by use of words. Avoid using symbols, signs or abbreviations. Explain in words even if the answer is negative or the question does not appear relevant.

7

An applicant who has already had a previous application or applications decided by the Court or who has an application or applications pending before the Court must inform the Registry accordingly, stating the application number or numbers.

8

(a)

Where an applicant does not wish to have his or her identity disclosed, he or she should state the reasons for his or her request in writing, pursuant to Rule 47 § 4.

(b)

The applicant should also state whether, in the event of anonymity being authorised by the President of the Chamber, he or she wishes to be designated by his or her initials or by a single letter (e.g., ‘X’, ‘Y’, ‘Z’, etc.).

9

The applicant or the applicant's representative must sign the application form. If represented, the applicant must sign the letter of authority, which forms part of the application form. Neither the application form nor the letter can be signed per procurationem (p.p.).

III. Grouped applications and multiple applicants

10

Where an applicant or representative lodges complaints on behalf of two or more applicants whose applications are based on different facts, a separate application form should be filled in for each individual giving all the information required. The documents relevant to each applicant should also be annexed to that individual's application form.

11

Where there are more than five applicants, the representative should provide — in addition to the application forms and documents — a table setting out for each applicant the required personal information, an example of which may be downloaded from the Court's website7.. Where the representative is a lawyer, this table should also be provided in electronic form.

12

In cases of large groups of applicants or applications, applicants or their representatives may be directed by the Court to provide the text of their submissions or documents by electronic or other means. Other directions may be given by the Court as to steps required to facilitate the effective and speedy processing of applications.

IV. Failure to comply with requests for information or directions

13

Failure, within the specified time-limit, to provide further information or documents at the Court's request or to comply with the Court's directions as to the form or manner of the lodging of an application — including grouped applications or applications by multiple applicants — may result, depending on the stage reached in the proceedings, in the complaint(s) not being examined by the Court or the application(s) being declared inadmissible or struck out of the Court's list of cases.

Written pleadings8.

I. Filing of pleadings

General

1

A pleading must be filed with the Registry within the time-limit fixed in accordance with Rule 38 of the Rules of Court and in the manner described in paragraph 2 of that Rule.

2

The date on which a pleading or other document is received at the Court’s Registry will be recorded on that document by a receipt stamp.

3

With the exception of pleadings and documents for which a system of electronic filing has been set up (see the relevant practice directions), all other pleadings, as well as all documents annexed thereto, should be submitted to the Court’s Registry in three copies sent by post or in one copy by fax9., followed by three copies sent by post.

4

Pleadings or other documents submitted by electronic mail shall not be accepted.

5

Secret documents should be filed by registered post.

6

Unsolicited pleadings shall not be admitted to the case file unless the President of the Chamber decides otherwise (see Rule 38 § 1).

Filing by fax

7

A party may file pleadings or other documents with the Court by sending them by fax.

8

The name of the person signing a pleading must also be printed on it so that he or she can be identified.

Electronic filing

9

The Court may authorise the Government of a Contracting Party or, after the communication of an application, an applicant to file pleadings and other documents electronically. In such cases, the practice direction on written pleadings shall apply in conjunction with the practice directions on electronic filing.

II. Form and contents

Form

10

A pleading should include:

(a)

the application number and the name of the case;

(b)

a title indicating the nature of the content (e.g., observations on admissibility [and the merits]; reply to the Government’s/the applicant’s observations on admissibility [and the merits]; observations on the merits; additional observations on admissibility [and the merits]; memorial etc.).

11

In addition, a pleading should normally:

(a)

be in an A4 page format having a margin of not less than 3.5 cm wide;

(b)

be typed and wholly legible, the text appearing in at least 12 pt in the body and 10 pt in the footnotes, with one-and-a-half line spacing;

(c)

have all numbers expressed as figures;

(d)

have pages numbered consecutively;

(e)

be divided into numbered paragraphs;

(f)

be divided into chapters and/or headings corresponding to the form and style of the Court’s decisions and judgments (“Facts”/“Domestic law [and practice]”/“Complaints”/“Law”; the latter chapter should be followed by headings entitled “Preliminary objection on ...”, “Alleged violation of Article ...”, as the case may be);

(g)

place any answer to a question by the Court or to the other party’s arguments under a separate heading;

(h)

give a reference to every document or piece of evidence mentioned in the pleading and annexed thereto;

(i)

if sent by post, have its text printed on one side of the page only and pages and attachments placed together in such a way as to enable them to be easily separated (they must not be glued or stapled).

12

If a pleading exceptionally exceeds thirty pages, a short summary should also be filed with it.

13

Where a party produces documents and/or other exhibits together with a pleading, every piece of evidence should be listed in a separate annex.

Contents

14

The parties’ pleadings following communication of the application should include:

(a)

any comments they wish to make on the facts of the case; however,

(i)

if a party does not contest the facts as set out in the statement of facts prepared by the Registry, it should limit its observations to a brief statement to that effect;

(ii)

if a party contests only part of the facts as set out by the Registry, or wishes to supplement them, it should limit its observations to those specific points;

(iii)

if a party objects to the facts or part of the facts as presented by the other party, it should state clearly which facts are uncontested and limit its observations to the points in dispute;

(b)

legal arguments relating firstly to admissibility and, secondly, to the merits of the case; however,

(i)

if specific questions on a factual or legal point were put to a party, it should, without prejudice to Rule 55, limit its arguments to such questions;

(ii)

if a pleading replies to arguments of the other party, submissions should refer to the specific arguments in the order prescribed above.

15
(a)

The parties’ pleadings following the admission of the application should include:

(i)

a short statement confirming a party’s position on the facts of the case as established in the decision on admissibility;

(ii)

legal arguments relating to the merits of the case;

(iii)

a reply to any specific questions on a factual or legal point put by the Court.

(b)

An applicant party submitting claims for just satisfaction at the same time should do so in the manner described in the practice direction on filing just satisfaction claims.

16

In view of the confidentiality of friendly-settlement proceedings (see Article 39 § 2 of the Convention and Rule 62 § 2), all submissions and documents filed as part of the attempt to secure a friendly settlement should be submitted separately from the written pleadings.

17

No reference to offers, concessions or other statements submitted in connection with the friendly settlement may be made in the pleadings filed in the contentious proceedings.

III. Time-limits

General

18

It is the responsibility of each party to ensure that pleadings and any accompanying documents or evidence are delivered to the Court’s Registry in time.

Extension of time-limits

19

A time-limit set under Rule 38 may be extended on request from a party.

20

A party seeking an extension of the time allowed for submission of a pleading must make a request as soon as it has become aware of the circumstances justifying such an extension and, in any event, before the expiry of the time-limit. It should state the reason for the delay.

21

If an extension is granted, it shall apply to all parties for which the relevant time-limit is running, including those which have not asked for it.

IV. Failure to comply with requirements for pleadings

22

Where a pleading has not been filed in accordance with the requirements set out in paragraphs 8 to 15 of this practice direction, the President of the Chamber may request the party concerned to resubmit the pleading in compliance with those requirements.

23

A failure to satisfy the conditions listed above may result in the pleading being considered not to have been properly lodged (see Rule 38 § 1).

Just satisfaction claims10.

I. Introduction

1

The award of just satisfaction is not an automatic consequence of a finding by the European Court of Human Rights that there has been a violation of a right guaranteed by the European Convention on Human Rights or its Protocols. The wording of Article 41, which provides that the Court shall award just satisfaction only if domestic law does not allow complete reparation to be made, and even then only ‘if necessary’ (s'il y a lieu in the French text), makes this clear.

2

Furthermore, the Court will only award such satisfaction as is considered to be ‘just’ (équitable in the French text) in the circumstances. Consequently, regard will be had to the particular features of each case. The Court may decide that for some heads of alleged prejudice the finding of violation constitutes in itself sufficient just satisfaction, without there being any call to afford financial compensation. It may also find reasons of equity to award less than the value of the actual damage sustained or the costs and expenses actually incurred, or even not to make any award at all. This may be the case, for example, if the situation complained of, the amount of damage or the level of the costs is due to the applicant's own fault. In setting the amount of an award, the Court may also consider the respective positions of the applicant as the party injured by a violation and the Contracting Party as responsible for the public interest. Finally, the Court will normally take into account the local economic circumstances.

3

When it makes an award under Article 41, the Court may decide to take guidance from domestic standards. It is, however, never bound by them.

4

Claimants are warned that compliance with the formal and substantive requirements deriving from the Convention and the Rules of Court is a condition for the award of just satisfaction.

II. Submitting claims for just satisfaction: formal requirements

5

Time-limits and other formal requirements for submitting claims for just satisfaction are laid down in Rule 60 of the Rules of Court, the relevant part of which provides as follows:

1.

An applicant who wishes to obtain an award of just satisfaction under Article 41 of the Convention in the event of the Court finding a violation of his or her Convention rights must make a specific claim to that effect.

2.

The applicant must submit itemised particulars of all claims, together with any relevant supporting documents, within the time-limit fixed for the submission of the applicant's observations on the merits unless the President of the Chamber directs otherwise.

3.

If the applicant fails to comply with the requirements set out in the preceding paragraphs, the Chamber may reject the claims in whole or in part.

…

Thus, the Court requires specific claims supported by appropriate documentary evidence, failing which it may make no award. The Court will also reject claims set out on the application form but not resubmitted at the appropriate stage of the proceedings and claims lodged out of time.

III. Submitting claims for just satisfaction: substantive requirements

6

Just satisfaction may be afforded under Article 41 of the Convention in respect of:

(a)

pecuniary damage;

(b)

non-pecuniary damage; and

(c)

costs and expenses.

1. Damage in general

7

A clear causal link must be established between the damage claimed and the violation alleged. The Court will not be satisfied by a merely tenuous connection between the alleged violation and the damage, nor by mere speculation as to what might have been.

8

Compensation for damage can be awarded in so far as the damage is the result of a violation found. No award can be made for damage caused by events or situations that have not been found to constitute a violation of the Convention, or for damage related to complaints declared inadmissible at an earlier stage of the proceedings.

9

The purpose of the Court's award in respect of damage is to compensate the applicant for the actual harmful consequences of a violation. It is not intended to punish the Contracting Party responsible. The Court has therefore, until now, considered it inappropriate to accept claims for damages with labels such as ‘punitive’, ‘aggravated’ or ‘exemplary’.

2. Pecuniary damage

10

The principle with regard to pecuniary damage is that the applicant should be placed, as far as possible, in the position in which he or she would have been had the violation found not taken place, in other words, restitutio in integrum. This can involve compensation for both loss actually suffered (damnum emergens) and loss, or diminished gain, to be expected in the future (lucrum cessans).

11

It is for the applicant to show that pecuniary damage has resulted from the violation or violations alleged. The applicant should submit relevant documents to prove, as far as possible, not only the existence but also the amount or value of the damage.

12

Normally, the Court's award will reflect the full calculated amount of the damage. However, if the actual damage cannot be precisely calculated, the Court will make an estimate based on the facts at its disposal. As pointed out in paragraph 2 above, it is also possible that the Court may find reasons in equity to award less than the full amount of the loss.

3. Non-pecuniary damage

13

The Court's award in respect of non-pecuniary damage is intended to provide financial compensation for non-material harm, for example mental or physical suffering.

14

It is in the nature of non-pecuniary damage that it does not lend itself to precise calculation. If the existence of such damage is established, and if the Court considers that a monetary award is necessary, it will make an assessment on an equitable basis, having regard to the standards which emerge from its case-law.

15

Applicants who wish to be compensated for non-pecuniary damage are invited to specify a sum which in their view would be equitable. Applicants who consider themselves victims of more than one violation may claim either a single lump sum covering all alleged violations or a separate sum in respect of each alleged violation.

4. Costs and expenses

16

The Court can order the reimbursement to the applicant of costs and expenses which he or she has incurred — first at the domestic level, and subsequently in the proceedings before the Court itself — in trying to prevent the violation from occurring, or in trying to obtain redress therefor. Such costs and expenses will typically include the cost of legal assistance, court registration fees and suchlike. They may also include travel and subsistence expenses, in particular if these have been incurred by attendance at a hearing of the Court.

17

The Court will uphold claims for costs and expenses only in so far as they are referable to the violations it has found. It will reject them in so far as they relate to complaints that have not led to the finding of a violation, or to complaints declared inadmissible. This being so, applicants may wish to link separate claim items to particular complaints.

18

Costs and expenses must have been actually incurred. That is, the applicant must have paid them, or be bound to pay them, pursuant to a legal or contractual obligation. Any sums paid or payable by domestic authorities or by the Council of Europe by way of legal aid will be deducted.

19

Costs and expenses must have been necessarily incurred. That is, they must have become unavoidable in order to prevent the violation or obtain redress therefor.

20

They must be reasonable as to quantum. If the Court finds them to be excessive, it will award a sum which, on its own estimate, is reasonable.

21

The Court requires evidence, such as itemised bills and invoices. These must be sufficiently detailed to enable the Court to determine to what extent the above requirements have been met.

5. Payment information

22

Applicants are invited to identify a bank account into which they wish any sums awarded to be paid. If they wish particular amounts, for example the sums awarded in respect of costs and expenses, to be paid separately, for example directly into the bank account of their representative, they should so specify.

IV. The form of the Court's awards

23

The Court's awards, if any, will normally be in the form of a sum of money to be paid by the respondent Contracting Party to the victim or victims of the violations found. Only in extremely rare cases can the Court consider a consequential order aimed at putting an end or remedying the violation in question. The Court may, however, decide at its discretion to offer guidance for the execution of its judgment (Article 46 of the Convention).

24

Any monetary award under Article 41 will normally be in euros (EUR, €) irrespective of the currency in which the applicant expresses his or her claims. If the applicant is to receive payment in a currency other than the euro, the Court will order the sums awarded to be converted into that other currency at the exchange rate applicable on the date of payment. When formulating their claims applicants should, where appropriate, consider the implications of this policy in the light of the effects of converting sums expressed in a different currency into euros or contrariwise.

25

The Court will of its own motion set a time-limit for any payments that may need to be made, which will normally be three months from the date on which its judgment becomes final and binding. The Court will also order default interest to be paid in the event that that time-limit is exceeded, normally at a simple rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points.

Secured electronic filing11.

I. Scope of application

1

The Governments of the Contracting Parties that have opted for the Court’s system of secured electronic filing shall send all their written communications with the Court by uploading them on the secured website set up for that purpose and shall accept written communications sent to them by the Registry of the Court by downloading them from that site, with the following exceptions:

(a)

all written communications in relation to a request for interim measures under Rule 39 of the Rules of Court shall be sent simultaneously by two means: through the secured website and by fax;

(b)

attachments, such as plans, manuals, etc. that may not be comprehensively viewed in an electronic format may be filed by post;

(c)

the Court’s Registry may request that a paper document or attachment be submitted by post.

2

If the Government have filed a document by post or fax, they shall, as soon as possible, file electronically a notice of filing by post or fax, describing the document sent, stating the date of dispatch and setting forth the reasons why electronic filing was not possible.

II. Technical requirements

3

The Government shall possess the necessary technical equipment and follow the user manual sent to them by the Court’s Registry.

III. Format and naming convention

4

A document filed electronically shall be in PDF format, preferably in searchable PDF.

5

Unsigned letters and written pleadings shall not be accepted. Signed documents to be filed electronically shall be generated by scanning the original paper copy. The Government shall keep the original paper copy in their files.

6

The name of a document filed electronically shall be prefixed by the application number, followed by the name of the applicant as spelled in Latin script by the Registry of the Court, and contain an indication of the contents of the document12..

IV. Relevant date with regard to time-limits

7

The date on which the Government have successfully uploaded a document on the secured website shall be considered as the date of dispatch within the meaning of Rule 38 § 2 or the date of filing for the purposes of Rule 73 § 1.

8

To facilitate keeping track of the correspondence exchanged, every day shortly before midnight the secured server generates automatically an electronic mail message listing the documents that have been filed electronically within the past twenty-four hours.

V. Different versions of one and the same document

9

The secured website shall not permit the modification, replacement or deletion of an uploaded document. If the need arises for the Government to modify a document they have uploaded, they shall create a new document named differently (for example, by adding the word ‘modified’ in the document name). This opportunity should only be used where genuinely necessary and should not be used to correct minor errors.

10

Where the Government have filed more than one version of the same document, only the document filed in time shall be taken into consideration. Where more than one version has been filed in time, the latest version shall be taken into consideration, unless the President of the Chamber decides otherwise.

Requests for anonymity13.

(Rules 33 and 47 of the Rules of Court)

General principles

The parties are reminded that, unless a derogation has been obtained pursuant to Rules 33 or 47 of the Rules of Court, documents in proceedings before the Court are public. Thus, all information that is submitted in connection with an application in both written and oral proceedings, including information about the applicant or third parties, will be accessible to the public.

The parties should also be aware that the statement of facts, decisions and judgments of the Court are usually published in HUDOC14. on the Court's website (Rule 78).

Requests in pending cases

Any request for anonymity should be made when completing the application form or as soon as possible thereafter. In both cases the applicant should provide reasons for the request and specify the impact that publication may have for him or her.

Retroactive requests

If an applicant wishes to request anonymity in respect of a case or cases published on HUDOC before 1 January 2010, he or she should send a letter to the Registry setting out the reasons for the request and specifying the impact that this publication has had or may have for him or her. The applicant should also provide an explanation as to why anonymity was not requested while the case was pending before the Court.

In deciding on the request the President shall take into account the explanations provided by the applicant, the level of publicity that the decision or judgment has already received and whether or not it is appropriate or practical to grant the request.

When the President grants the request, he or she shall also decide on the most appropriate steps to be taken to protect the applicant from being identified. For example, the decision or judgment could, inter alia, be removed from the Court's website or the personal data deleted from the published document.

Other measures

The President may also take any other measure he or she considers necessary or desirable in respect of any material published by the Court in order to ensure respect for private life.

Electronic filing by applicants15.

I. Scope of application

1

After the communication of a case, applicants who have opted to file pleadings electronically shall send all written communications with the Court by using the Court’s Electronic Communications Service (ECS) and shall accept written communications sent to them by the Registry of the Court by means of ECS, with the following exceptions:

(a)

all written communications in relation to a request for interim measures under Rule 39 of the Rules of Court shall be sent only by fax or post;

(b)

attachments, such as plans, manuals, etc., that may not be comprehensively viewed in an electronic format may be filed by post;

(c)

the Court’s Registry may request that a paper document or attachment be submitted by post.

2

If an applicant has filed a document by post or fax, he or she shall, as soon as possible, file electronically a notice of filing by post or fax, describing the document sent, stating the date of dispatch and setting forth the reasons why electronic filing was not possible.

II. Technical requirements

3

Applicants shall possess the necessary technical equipment and follow the user manual sent to them by the Court’s Registry.

III. Format and naming convention

4

A document filed electronically shall be in PDF format, preferably in searchable PDF.

5

Unsigned letters and written pleadings shall not be accepted. Signed documents to be filed electronically shall be generated by scanning the original paper copy. Applicants shall keep the original paper copy in their files.

6

The name of a document filed electronically shall be prefixed by the application number, followed by the name of the applicant as spelled in Latin script by the Registry of the Court, and contain an indication of the contents of the document16..

IV. Relevant date with regard to time limits

7

The date on which an applicant has successfully filed the document electronically with the Court shall be considered as the date, based on Strasbourg time, of dispatch within the meaning of Rule 38 § 2 or the date of filing for the purposes of Rule 73 § 1.

8

To facilitate keeping track of the correspondence exchanged and to ensure compliance with the time limits set by the Court, the applicant should regularly check his or her e-mail account and ECS account.

V. Different versions of one and the same document

9

The ECS shall not permit the modification, replacement or deletion of a filed document. If the need arises for the applicant to modify a document he or she has filed, they shall create a new document named differently (for example, by adding the word ‘modified’ in the document name).

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