Regeling luchtvaarteenheden BES:bijlage

Regeling luchtvaarteenheden BES

Bijlage Civil aviation regulations

Geldend

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Contents

PART 20

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT TO BE USED IN AIR AND GROUND OPERATIONS

20.1 General

20.1.1 Applicability

20.1.2 Definitions

20.2 Standard application of units of measurement

20.2.1 SI Units

20.2.2 prefixes

20.2.3 non-SI Units

20.2.3.1 non-SI Units for permanent use with the SI

20.2.3.2 non-SI alternative units permitted for temporary use with the SI

20.2.4 application of specific units

20.2.4.1 the application of the units of measurement for certain qantities

20.2.4.2 whenever applicable, means and provisions

20.3 Termination of use of noon-SI alternative units

20.3.1 the use of the alternative non-SI units

attachment 1: guidance on the application of the SI

attachment 2: guidance on the application of the SI

attachment 3: conversion factors

attachment 4: co-ordinated universal time

attachment 5: presentation of date and time in all-numeric form

20.1. General

20.1.1. Applicability

Part 20 prescribes the requirements for the use of a standardized system of units of measurement in international civil aviation air and ground operations which shall be applicable to all aspects of international civil aviation air and ground operations.

20.1.2. Definitions

For the purpose of CARNA Part 20, the following definitions shall apply:

1.

Ampere (A): The ampere is that constant electric current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2 x 10-7 per metre of length.

2.

Becquerel (Bq): The activity of a radionuclide having one spontaneous nuclear transition per second.

3.

Candela (cd): The luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction, of a surface of 1/600000 square metre of black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101 325 per square metre.

4.

Celsius temperature (t °C): The Celsius temperature is equal to the difference t °C = T – Tobetween two thermodynamic temperatures T and To where To equals 273.15 Kelvin.

5.

Coulomb (C): The quantity of electricity transported in 1 second by a current of 1 ampere.

6.

Degree Celsius (°C): The special name for the unit Kelvin for use in stating values of Celsiustemperature.

7.

Farad (F): The capacitance of a capacitor between the plates of which there appears difference of potential of 1 volt when it is charged by a quantity of electricity equal to 1 coulomb.

8.

Foot (ft): The length equal to 0.3048 metre exactly.

9.

Gray (Gy): The energy imparted by ionizing radiation to a mass of matter corresponding to joule per kilogram.

10.

Henry (H): The inductance of a closed circuit in which an electromotive force of 1 volt is produced when the electric current in the circuit varies uniformly at a rate of 1 ampere per second.

11.

Hertz (Hz): The frequency of a periodic phenomenon of which the period is 1 second.

12.

Human performance: Human capabilities and limitations which have an impact on the safety, security and efficiency of aeronautical operations.

13.

Joule (J): The work done when the point of application of a force of 1 is displaced adistance of 1 metre in the direction of the force.

14.

Kelvin (K): A unit of thermodynamic temperature which is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.

15.

Kilogram (kg): The unit of mass equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram.

16.

Knot (kt): The speed equal to 1 nautical mile per hour.

17.

Litre (L): A unit of volume restricted to the measurement of liquids and gases which is equal to 1 cubic decimetre.

18.

Lumen (lm): The luminous flux emitted in a solid angle of 1 steradian by a point source having a uniform intensity of 1 candela.

19.

Lux (Lx): The illuminance produced by a luminous flux of 1 lumen uniformly distributed over a surface of 1 square metre.

20.

Metre (m): The distance travelled by light in a vacuum during 1/299 792 458 of a second.

21.

Mole (mol): The amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.

Note: when the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles or specified groups of such particles

22.

Nautical mile (NM): The length equal to 1 852 metres exactly.

23.

(N): The force which when applied to a body having a mass of 1 kilogram gives it an acceleration of 1 metre per second squared.

24.

Ohm: The electric resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant difference of potential of 1 volt, applied between these two points, produces in this conductor a current of 1 ampere, this conductor not being the source of any electromotive force.

25.

Pascal (Pa): The pressure or stress of 1 per square metre.

26.

Radian (rad): The plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference an arc equal in length to the radius.

27.

Second (s): The duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium- 133 atom.

28.

Siemens (S): The electric conductance of a conductor in which a current of 1 ampere is produced by an electric potential difference of 1 volt.

29.

Sievert (Sv): The unit of radiation dose equivalent corresponding to 1 joule per kilogram.

30.

Steradian (sr): The solid angle which, having its vertex in the centre of a sphere, cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of length equal to the radius of the sphere.

31.

Tesla (T): The magnetic flux density given by a magnetic flux of 1 Weber per square metre.

32.

Tonne (1): The mass equal to 1 000 kilograms.

33.

Volt (V): The unit of electric potential difference and electromotive force which is the difference of electric potential between two points of a conductor carrying a constant current of 1 ampere, when the power dissipated between these points is equal to 1 watt.

34.

Watt (W): The power which gives rise to the production of energy at the rate of 1 joule per second.

35.

Weber (Wb): The magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn, produces in it an electromotive force of 1 volt as it is reduced to zero at a uniform rate in 1 second.

20.2. Standard application of units of measurement

20.2.1. SI Units

The International System of Units developed and maintained by the General Conference of Weights and Measures (CGPM) shall, subject to the provisions of 20.2.1.2 and 20.2.2, be used as the standard system of units of measurement for all aspects of international civil aviation air and ground operations.

Note 1: As used herein the term Sf unit is meant to include base units and derived units as well as their multiples and sub-multiples.

Note 2: See Attachment 1 for guidance on the general application of prefixes.

20.2.2. Prefixes

The prefixes and symbols listed in Table 20-1 shall be used to form names and symbols of the decimal multiples and sub-multiples of SI units.

Table 20-1 SI unit prefixes

Multiplication factor

Prefix

Symbol

1000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1018

exa

E

1 000 000 000 000 000 = 1015

peta

P

1000 000 000 000 = 1012

tera

T

1 000 000 000 = 109

giga

G

1 000 000 = 106

mega

M

1 000 =103

kilo

K

100 = 102

hecto

H

10 = 101

deca

da

0.1 = 10-1

deci

d

0.01 = 10-2

centi

c

0.001 = 10-3

milli

m

0.000 001 = 10-6

micro

µ

0.000 000 001 = 10-9

nano

n

0.000 000 000 001 = 10-12

pico

p

0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10-15

femto

f

0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10-18

atto

a

20.2.3. Non-SI Units

20.2.3.1

NON-SI units for permanent use with the SI. The non-SI units listed in Table 20-2 shall be used either in lieu of, or in addition to, SI units as primary units of measurement but only as specified in Table 20-4.

Table 20-2. Non-SI units for use with the SI

\Specific quantities in Table 20-4 related to

Unit

Symbol

Definition

(in terms of SI units)

mass

tonne

t

1 t = 103 kg

plane angle

degree

o

1o = (p/180) rad

minute

’

1’ = (1/60)o = (p/10 800) rad

second

’’

1’’ = (1/60)’ = (p/648 000) rad

temperature

degree Celsius

oC

1 unit oC = 1 unit Ka)

time

minute

min

1 min = 60 s

hour

h

1 h = 60 min = 3 600 s

day

d

1d = 24 h = 86 400 s

Week, month, year

–

volume

litre

L

1L = 1 dm3= 10-3 m3

a) See Attachment 2 for conversion factor

20.2.3.2

Non-SI alternative units permitted for temporary use with the SI. The non-SI units listed in Table 20-3 shall be permitted for temporary use as alternative units of measurement but only for those specific quantities listed in Table 20-4.

Note: It is intended that the use of the non-SI alternative units listed in Table 20-3 andapplied as indicated in Table 20-4 will eventually be discontinued in accordance with individual unit termination dates established by ICao. Termination dates, when established, will be given in an amendment of Chapter 20.3 of this part.

Table 20-3 Non SI alternative units permitted for temporary use with the SI

Specific quantities in Table 20-4 related to

Unit

Symbol

Definition (in terms of SI units)

distance (horizontal)

nautical mile

NM

1 NM = 1 852 m

distance (vertical)a)

foot

ft

1 ft = 0.304 8 m

Horizontal speed

vertical speed

knot

feet per minute

kt

ft/min

1 kt = 0.514 444 m/s

a) altitude, elevation, height.

20.2.4. Application of specific units.

20.2.4.1

The application of units of measurement for certain quantities used in international civil aviation air and ground operations shall be in accordance with Table 20-4.

Note: Table 20–4 is intended to provide standardization of units (including prefixes) for those quantities commonly used in air and ground operations. Basic provisions herein apply for units to be used for quantities not listed.

20.2.4.2

Whenever applicable, means and provisions for design, procedures and training should be established for operations in environments involving the use of standard and non-SI alternatives of specific units of measurement, or the transition between environments using different units, with due consideration to human performance.

Note: Guidance material on human performance can be found in the 0 Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683) and Circular 238 (Human Factors Digest No.6 — Ergonomics).

Table 20-4. Standard application of specific units of measurement

Ref.No.

Quantity

Primary unit (symbol)

Non-SI Alternative Unit(symbol)

1. Direction/Space/Time

1.1

altitude

m

ft

1.2

area

m2

1.3

distance (long)a)

km

NM

1.4

distance (short)

m

1.5

elevation

m

ft

1.6

endurance

h and min

1.7

height

m

1.8

latitude

o’ ’’

1.9

length

m

1.10

longitude

o’ ’’

1.11

plane angle (when required, decimal subdivisions of the degree shall be used)

o

1.12

runway length

m

1.13

runway visual range

m

1.14

tank capacities (aircraft)b)

L

1.15

time

s

min

h

d

week

month

year

1.16

visibility (note: visibility of less than 5 km may be given in meters)

km

1.17

volume

m3

1.18

wind direction (wind directions other than for a landing and take-off shall be expressed in degrees true; for landing and take-off wind directions shall be expressed in degrees magnetic)

o

2. Mass-related

2.1

air density

kg/m3

2.2

area density

kg/m2

2.3

cargo capacity

kg

2.4

cargo density

kg/m3

2.5

density (mass density)

kg/m3

2.6

fuel capacity (gravimetric)

kg

2.7

gas density

kg/m3

2.8

gross mass or payload

kg

t

2.9

hoisting provisions

kg

2.10

linear density

kg/m

2.11

liquid density

kg/m3

2.12

mass

kg

2.13

moment of inertia

kg/m2

2.14

moment of momentum

kg/m2/s

2.15

momentum

kg/m/s

3. Force-related

3.1

airpressure(general)

kPa

3.2

altimeter setting

hPa

3.3

atmosphericpressure

hPa

3.4

bending moment

kN.m

3.5

force

N

3.6

fuel supply pressure

kPa

3.7

hydraulic pressure

kPa

3.8

modulus of elasticity

MPa

3.9

pressure

kPa

3.10

stress

MPa

3.11

surface tension

mN/m

3.12

thrust

kN

3.13

torque

N.m

3.14

vacuum

Pa

4. Mechanics

4.1

airspeed

km/h

kt

4.2

angular acceleration

rad/s2

4.3

angular velocity

rad/s

4.4

energy or work

J

4.5

equivalent shaft power

kW

4.6

frequency

Hz

4.7

ground speed

km/h

kt

4.8

impact

J/m2

4.9

kinetic energy absorbed by brakes

MJ

4.10

linear acceleration

m/s2

4.11

power

kW

4.12

rate of trim

0/s

4.13

shaft power

kW

4.14

velocity

m/s

4.15

vertical speed

m/s

ft/min

4.16

wind speed

km/h

kt

5. Flow

5.1

engine airflow

kg/s

5.2

engine waterflow

kg/h

5.3

fuel consumption (specific)

piston engines

kg/(kW.h)

turbo-shaft engines

kg/(kW.h)

jet engines

kg/(kN.h)

5.4

fuel flow

Kg/h

5.5

fuel tank filling rate (gravimetric)

kg/min

5.6

gas flow

kg/s

5.7

liquid flow (gravimetric)

g/s

5.8

liquid flow (volumetric)

L/s

5.9

mass flow

kg/s

5.10

oil consumption

gas turbine

Kg/h

piston engines (specific)

g/(kW.h)

5.11

oil flow

g/s

5.12

pump capacity

L /min

5.13

ventilation airflow

m3/min

5.14

viscosity (dynamic)

Pa.s

5.15

viscosity (kinematic)

m2/s

6. Thermodynamics

6.1

coefficient of heat transfer

W/ (m2.K)

6.2

heat flow per unit area

J/m2

6.3

heat flow rate

W

6.4

humidity (absolute)

g/kg

6.5

coefficient of linear expansion

0C-1

6.6

quantity of heat

J

6.7

temperature

°C

7. Electricity and magnetism

7.1

capacitance

F

7.2

conductance

S

7.3

conductivity

S/m

7.4

current density

A/m2

7.5

electric current

A

7.6

electric field strength

C/m2

7.7

electric potential

V

7.8

electromotive force

V

7.9

magnetic field strength

A/m

7.10

magnetic flux

Wb

7.11

magnetic flux density

T

7.12

power

W

7.13

quantity of electricity

C

7.14

resistance

?

8. Light and related electromagnetic radiations

8.1

illuminance

Ix

8.2

luminance

Cd/m2

8.3

luminous exitance

Im/m2

8.4

luminous flux

lm

8.5

luminous intensity

cd

8.6

quantity of light

lm.s

8.7

radiant energy

J

8.8

wavelength

m

9. Acoustics

9.1

frequency

Hz

9.2

mass density

Kg/m3

9.3

noise level

dBc)

9.4

period, periodic time

s

9.5

sound intensity

W/m2

9.6

sound power

W

9.7

sound pressure

Pa

9.8

sound level

dBc)

9.9

static pressure (instantaneous)

Pa

9.10

velocity of sound

m/s

9.11

volume velocity (instantaneous)

m3/s

9.12

wavelength

m

10. Nuclear physics and ionizing radiation

10.1

absorbed dose

Gy

10.2

absorbed dose rate

Gy/s

10.3

activity of radio nuclides

Bq

10.4

dose equivalent

Sv

10.5

radiation exposure

C/kg

10.6

exposure rate

C/kg.s

a) As used in navigation, generally in excess of 4 000 m.

b) Such as aircraft fuel, hydraulic fluids, water, oil and high pressure oxygen vessels.

c) Visibility of less than 5 km may be given in m.

d) Airspeed is sometimes reported in flight operations in terms of the ratio MACH number.

e) The decibel (dB) is a ratio which may be used as a unit for expressing sound pressure level and sound power level. When used, the reference level must be specified.

20.3. Termination of use of non-SI alternative units

Introductory Note: The non-SI units listed in Table 20-3 have been retained temporarily for use as alternative units because of their widespread use and to avoid potential safety problems which could result from the lack of international coordination concerning the termination of their use. As termination dates are established by the council, they will be reflected as Standards contained in chapter 4 of Annex 5 and as amendments to this chapter. It is expected that the establishment of such dates will be well in advance of actual termination. Any special procedures associated with specific unit termination will be made available by the Minister..

20.3.1

The use in international civil aviation operations of the alternative non-SI units listed in Table 20-3 shall be terminated on the dates that will be established by the council and which at that time will be listed in Table 20-1.

Table 20-1. Termination dates for non-SI alternative units

Non-SI alternative unit

Termination date

Knot

}

Not established at this time

Nautical mile

Foot

Not established at this time

a) No termination date has yet been established for use of nautical mile and knot.

b) No termination date has yet been established for use of the foot.

Attachment 1 Development of the International System of Units (SI)

Attachment 2 Guidance on the application of the SI

Attachment 3 Conversion factors

Attachment 4 Co-ordinated Universal Time

Attachment 5 Presentation of date and time in all-numeric form

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