Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone:Article 8 Research, development and monitoring

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution to abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone

Article 8 Research, development and monitoring

Geldend

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The Parties shall encourage research, development, monitoring and cooperation related to:

a)

The international harmonization of methods for the calculation and assessment of the adverse effects associated with the substances addressed by the present Protocol for use in establishing critical loads and critical levels and, as appropriate, the elaboration of procedures for such harmonization;

b)

The improvement of emission databases, in particular those on particulate matter, including black carbon, ammonia and volatile organic compounds;

c)

The improvement of monitoring techniques and systems and of the modelling of transport, concentrations and depositions of sulphur, nitrogen compounds, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter, including black carbon, as well as of the formation of ozone and secondary particulate matter;

d)

The improvement of the scientific understanding of the long-term fate of emissions and their impact on the hemispheric background concentrations of sulphur, nitrogen, volatile organic compounds, ozone and particulate matter, focusing, in particular, on the chemistry of the free troposphere and the potential for intercontinental flow of pollutants;

d bis)

The improvement of the scientific understanding of the potential co-benefits for climate change mitigation associated with potential reduction scenarios for air pollutants (such as methane, carbon monoxide and black carbon) which have nearterm radiative forcing and other climate effects;

e)

The further elaboration of an overall strategy to reduce the adverse effects of acidification, eutrophication, photochemical pollution and particulate matter, including synergisms and combined effects;

f)

Strategies for the further reduction of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and other ozone precursors, and particulate matter based on critical loads and critical levels as well as on technical developments, and the improvement of integrated assessment modelling to calculate internationally optimized allocations of emission reductions taking into account the need to avoid excessive costs for any Party. Special emphasis should be given to emissions from agriculture and transport;

g)

The identification of trends over time and the scientific understanding of the wider effects of sulphur, nitrogen, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter and photochemical pollution on human health, the environment, in particular acidification and eutrophication, and materials, especially historic and cultural monuments, taking into account the relationship between sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds, particulate matter and ground-level ozone;

h)

Emission abatement technologies, and technologies and techniques to improve energy efficiency, energy conservation and the use of renewable energy;

i)

The efficacy of ammonia control techniques for farms and their impact on local and regional deposition;

j)

The management of transport demand and the development and promotion of less polluting modes of transport;

k)

The quantification and, where possible, economic evaluation of benefits for the environment, human health and the impacts on climate resulting from the reduction of emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter; and

l)

The development of tools for making the methods and results of this work widely applicable and available.

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